考点: ① 猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义; ② 对文中的多义词或词组进行定义; ③ 判断某个代词的指代的对象。
常见命题形式有: The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____. The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______. The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)probably means ______. The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)could best be replaced by which of the following? Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ?
解答技巧 1. 通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词 首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因后果。
例如:You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。
2. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。
通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3. 通过构词法猜词 根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如:She is unlikely to have stolen the money. (“un”含否定意义,故为“不太可能”之意。)
4. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为“久旱”,“旱灾”。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。
5. 通过句法功能来推测词义 例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas. 假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。
6. 通过描述猜词 描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。 例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish. 从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
7. 根据常识猜词 如:The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.(lintel “过梁”。) Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.(tiptoed “踮着脚走,蹑手蹑脚”)
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